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Only instances of managed types can be allocated on the GC heap Trying to instantiate a native type like std::string via gcnew will cause a compiler error However, since primitives are managed types in the managed compilation model, they can be instantiated on the managed heap, too The following expression is legal if you compile with /clr: gcnew int(0); Since the managed compilation model can treat primitives as native primitives if the actual context requires this, the following expression is also legal if you compile to managed code: int* pi = new int(0); When a local variable is supposed to refer to an object on the GC heap, a simple native pointer is not sufficient The following line of code is illegal: int* pi = gcnew int(0); A native pointer could easily be copied into an unmanaged memory location The copied pointer would be outside of the runtime s control.

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The Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) is probably the most revolutionary aspect of the new self-managing Oracle database. The ADDM is a diagnostic engine built right into the database kernel it is a rule-based expert system that encapsulates decades of Oracle s performancetuning expertise. It analyzes performance data frequently and either makes a recommendation by itself, or suggests that you invoke one of the other Oracle advisory components, such as the SQL Tuning Advisor. The ADDM proactively performs automatic monitoring of the database at regular intervals throughout the day, performs a top-down analysis of performance data and bottlenecks, and presents a set of findings that include the root causes of problems and the recommendations to fix them. In addition, it provides the rationale behind its recommendations. Because the ADDM quantifies the identified problems in terms of their impact on overall performance, you can focus on fixing problems that will give you the biggest performance gains. You can also run the ADDM manually through the Enterprise Manager or the command line. The ADDM s diagnostic abilities can be used during the development phase of applications, reducing potential problems in production. The ADDM will enable developers to perform what-if tests very easily. 17 explains the ADDM in detail.

You can turn on automatic shared memory management and have the database manage the SGA for you; simply set the SGA_TARGET initialization parameter to a nonzero value. Oracle will manage the shared pool, buffer cache, large pool, Java pool, and streams pool memory components automatically. This will eliminate the trial and error method of determining optimal SGA allocation. Similarly, you can enable automatic PGA management and have Oracle determine the optimal PGA memory allocation; set the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET initialization parameter. When your database performs a lot of sorting and hashing operations, automatic PGA management is critical in achieving peak performance. I discuss automatic PGA management in more detail in 22.

Setting the UNDO_RETENTION parameter to zero or just leaving it out of your SPFILE will instruct Oracle to perform proactive automatic undo retention tuning, thus reducing the occurrence of the wellknown snapshot too old errors that lead to the failure of many an overnight production batch job. Under automatic undo retention tuning, Oracle will figure out the ideal retention period for undo data, based on the length of the transactions and other related factors. I discuss automatic undo retention tuning in 6.

By setting the FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET initialization parameter to a nonzero value, or by not setting it at all, you can automate checkpoint tuning. This means that you won t have to set any checkpoint initialization parameters, telling Oracle how frequently it should perform database checkpointing. This will help your database recover in a reasonable length of time following a crash. 17 reviews automatic checkpoint tuning.

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Oracle Database 10g automatically gathers statistics for the cost-based optimizer through a regularly scheduled job. The job gathers statistics on all objects in the database that have missing or stale statistics. Oracle creates this job automatically at database creation time, and the Scheduler automatically manages it. 17 discusses the automatic collection of optimizer statistics.

Automatic Storage Management (ASM)

Automatic Storage Management (ASM) is the new Oracle Database 10g feature that integrates your file system with a volume manager that s designed for Oracle files. ASM divides Oracle data files into extents, which it distributes evenly across the disk system. ASM automatically redistributes I/O load across all available disks whenever storage configuration changes, avoiding manual disk tuning. ASM also provides mirroring and striping, thus enhancing protection and performance, as in RAID systems. ASM is dealt with in detail in 17.